Respiratory physiology of COVID-19-induced respiratory failure compared to ARDS of other etiologies.
Identifieur interne : 000273 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000272; suivant : 000274Respiratory physiology of COVID-19-induced respiratory failure compared to ARDS of other etiologies.
Auteurs : Domenico Luca Grieco [Italie] ; Filippo Bongiovanni [Italie] ; Lu Chen [Canada] ; Luca S. Menga [Italie] ; Salvatore Lucio Cutuli [Italie] ; Gabriele Pintaudi [Italie] ; Simone Carelli [Italie] ; Teresa Michi [Italie] ; Flava Torrini [Italie] ; Gianmarco Lombardi [Italie] ; Gian Marco Anzellotti [Italie] ; Gennaro De Pascale [Italie] ; Andrea Urbani [Italie] ; Maria Grazia Bocci [Italie] ; Eloisa S. Tanzarella [Italie] ; Giuseppe Bello [Italie] ; Antonio M. Dell'Anna [Italie] ; Salvatore M. Maggiore [Italie] ; Laurent Brochard [Canada] ; Massimo Antonelli [Italie]Source :
- Critical care (London, England) [ 1466-609X ] ; 2020.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Adulte d'âge moyen (MeSH), Betacoronavirus (MeSH), Femelle (MeSH), Humains (MeSH), Infections à coronavirus (physiopathologie), Infections à coronavirus (thérapie), Italie (MeSH), Mâle (MeSH), Mécanique respiratoire (physiologie), Pandémies (MeSH), Pneumopathie virale (physiopathologie), Pneumopathie virale (thérapie), Sujet âgé (MeSH), Syndrome de détresse respiratoire de l'adulte (physiopathologie), Syndrome de détresse respiratoire de l'adulte (thérapie), Tests de la fonction respiratoire (MeSH), Unités de soins intensifs (MeSH), Ventilation à pression positive (MeSH).
- MESH :
- physiologie : Mécanique respiratoire.
- physiopathologie : Infections à coronavirus, Pneumopathie virale, Syndrome de détresse respiratoire de l'adulte.
- thérapie : Infections à coronavirus, Pneumopathie virale, Syndrome de détresse respiratoire de l'adulte.
- Adulte d'âge moyen, Betacoronavirus, Femelle, Humains, Italie, Mâle, Pandémies, Sujet âgé, Tests de la fonction respiratoire, Unités de soins intensifs, Ventilation à pression positive.
- Wicri :
- geographic : Italie.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Aged (MeSH), Betacoronavirus (MeSH), Coronavirus Infections (physiopathology), Coronavirus Infections (therapy), Female (MeSH), Humans (MeSH), Intensive Care Units (MeSH), Italy (MeSH), Male (MeSH), Middle Aged (MeSH), Pandemics (MeSH), Pneumonia, Viral (physiopathology), Pneumonia, Viral (therapy), Positive-Pressure Respiration (MeSH), Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult (physiopathology), Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult (therapy), Respiratory Function Tests (MeSH), Respiratory Mechanics (physiology).
- MESH :
- geographic : Italy.
- physiology : Respiratory Mechanics.
- physiopathology : Coronavirus Infections, Pneumonia, Viral, Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult.
- therapy : Coronavirus Infections, Pneumonia, Viral, Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult.
- Aged, Betacoronavirus, Female, Humans, Intensive Care Units, Male, Middle Aged, Pandemics, Positive-Pressure Respiration, Respiratory Function Tests.
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Whether respiratory physiology of COVID-19-induced respiratory failure is different from acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) of other etiologies is unclear. We conducted a single-center study to describe respiratory mechanics and response to positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) in COVID-19 ARDS and to compare COVID-19 patients to matched-control subjects with ARDS from other causes.
METHODS
Thirty consecutive COVID-19 patients admitted to an intensive care unit in Rome, Italy, and fulfilling moderate-to-severe ARDS criteria were enrolled within 24 h from endotracheal intubation. Gas exchange, respiratory mechanics, and ventilatory ratio were measured at PEEP of 15 and 5 cmH
RESULTS
Thirty COVID-19 patients were successfully matched with 30 ARDS from other etiologies. At low PEEP, median [25th-75th percentiles] PaO
CONCLUSIONS
Early after establishment of mechanical ventilation, COVID-19 patients follow ARDS physiology, with compliance reduction related to the degree of hypoxemia, and inter-individually variable respiratory mechanics and recruitability. Physiological differences between ARDS from COVID-19 and other causes appear small.
DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-03253-2
PubMed: 32859264
PubMed Central: PMC7453378
Affiliations:
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
Le document en format XML
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Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. 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Menga</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. 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Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. 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Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carelli, Simone" sort="Carelli, Simone" uniqKey="Carelli S" first="Simone" last="Carelli">Simone Carelli</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Michi, Teresa" sort="Michi, Teresa" uniqKey="Michi T" first="Teresa" last="Michi">Teresa Michi</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Torrini, Flava" sort="Torrini, Flava" uniqKey="Torrini F" first="Flava" last="Torrini">Flava Torrini</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lombardi, Gianmarco" sort="Lombardi, Gianmarco" uniqKey="Lombardi G" first="Gianmarco" last="Lombardi">Gianmarco Lombardi</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Anzellotti, Gian Marco" sort="Anzellotti, Gian Marco" uniqKey="Anzellotti G" first="Gian Marco" last="Anzellotti">Gian Marco Anzellotti</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Pascale, Gennaro" sort="De Pascale, Gennaro" uniqKey="De Pascale G" first="Gennaro" last="De Pascale">Gennaro De Pascale</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Urbani, Andrea" sort="Urbani, Andrea" uniqKey="Urbani A" first="Andrea" last="Urbani">Andrea Urbani</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Basic Biotechnological Science, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Basic Biotechnological Science, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Laboratory and Infectious Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Laboratory and Infectious Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bocci, Maria Grazia" sort="Bocci, Maria Grazia" uniqKey="Bocci M" first="Maria Grazia" last="Bocci">Maria Grazia Bocci</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tanzarella, Eloisa S" sort="Tanzarella, Eloisa S" uniqKey="Tanzarella E" first="Eloisa S" last="Tanzarella">Eloisa S. Tanzarella</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bello, Giuseppe" sort="Bello, Giuseppe" uniqKey="Bello G" first="Giuseppe" last="Bello">Giuseppe Bello</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dell Anna, Antonio M" sort="Dell Anna, Antonio M" uniqKey="Dell Anna A" first="Antonio M" last="Dell'Anna">Antonio M. Dell'Anna</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maggiore, Salvatore M" sort="Maggiore, Salvatore M" uniqKey="Maggiore S" first="Salvatore M" last="Maggiore">Salvatore M. Maggiore</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Section of Anesthesia, Analgesia, Perioperative and Intensive Care, SS. Annunziata Hospital, Gabriele d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Section of Anesthesia, Analgesia, Perioperative and Intensive Care, SS. Annunziata Hospital, Gabriele d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chieti</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brochard, Laurent" sort="Brochard, Laurent" uniqKey="Brochard L" first="Laurent" last="Brochard">Laurent Brochard</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Antonelli, Massimo" sort="Antonelli, Massimo" uniqKey="Antonelli M" first="Massimo" last="Antonelli">Massimo Antonelli</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:32859264</idno><idno type="pmid">32859264</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/s13054-020-03253-2</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC7453378</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000441</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000441</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">000441</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Curation">000441</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">000441</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Respiratory physiology of COVID-19-induced respiratory failure compared to ARDS of other etiologies.</title><author><name sortKey="Grieco, Domenico Luca" sort="Grieco, Domenico Luca" uniqKey="Grieco D" first="Domenico Luca" last="Grieco">Domenico Luca Grieco</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy. dlgrieco@outlook.it.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy. dlgrieco@outlook.it.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bongiovanni, Filippo" sort="Bongiovanni, Filippo" uniqKey="Bongiovanni F" first="Filippo" last="Bongiovanni">Filippo Bongiovanni</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Lu" sort="Chen, Lu" uniqKey="Chen L" first="Lu" last="Chen">Lu Chen</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Menga, Luca S" sort="Menga, Luca S" uniqKey="Menga L" first="Luca S" last="Menga">Luca S. Menga</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cutuli, Salvatore Lucio" sort="Cutuli, Salvatore Lucio" uniqKey="Cutuli S" first="Salvatore Lucio" last="Cutuli">Salvatore Lucio Cutuli</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pintaudi, Gabriele" sort="Pintaudi, Gabriele" uniqKey="Pintaudi G" first="Gabriele" last="Pintaudi">Gabriele Pintaudi</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carelli, Simone" sort="Carelli, Simone" uniqKey="Carelli S" first="Simone" last="Carelli">Simone Carelli</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Michi, Teresa" sort="Michi, Teresa" uniqKey="Michi T" first="Teresa" last="Michi">Teresa Michi</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Torrini, Flava" sort="Torrini, Flava" uniqKey="Torrini F" first="Flava" last="Torrini">Flava Torrini</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lombardi, Gianmarco" sort="Lombardi, Gianmarco" uniqKey="Lombardi G" first="Gianmarco" last="Lombardi">Gianmarco Lombardi</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Anzellotti, Gian Marco" sort="Anzellotti, Gian Marco" uniqKey="Anzellotti G" first="Gian Marco" last="Anzellotti">Gian Marco Anzellotti</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Pascale, Gennaro" sort="De Pascale, Gennaro" uniqKey="De Pascale G" first="Gennaro" last="De Pascale">Gennaro De Pascale</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Urbani, Andrea" sort="Urbani, Andrea" uniqKey="Urbani A" first="Andrea" last="Urbani">Andrea Urbani</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Basic Biotechnological Science, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Basic Biotechnological Science, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Laboratory and Infectious Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Laboratory and Infectious Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bocci, Maria Grazia" sort="Bocci, Maria Grazia" uniqKey="Bocci M" first="Maria Grazia" last="Bocci">Maria Grazia Bocci</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tanzarella, Eloisa S" sort="Tanzarella, Eloisa S" uniqKey="Tanzarella E" first="Eloisa S" last="Tanzarella">Eloisa S. Tanzarella</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bello, Giuseppe" sort="Bello, Giuseppe" uniqKey="Bello G" first="Giuseppe" last="Bello">Giuseppe Bello</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dell Anna, Antonio M" sort="Dell Anna, Antonio M" uniqKey="Dell Anna A" first="Antonio M" last="Dell'Anna">Antonio M. Dell'Anna</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maggiore, Salvatore M" sort="Maggiore, Salvatore M" uniqKey="Maggiore S" first="Salvatore M" last="Maggiore">Salvatore M. Maggiore</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Section of Anesthesia, Analgesia, Perioperative and Intensive Care, SS. Annunziata Hospital, Gabriele d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Section of Anesthesia, Analgesia, Perioperative and Intensive Care, SS. Annunziata Hospital, Gabriele d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chieti</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brochard, Laurent" sort="Brochard, Laurent" uniqKey="Brochard L" first="Laurent" last="Brochard">Laurent Brochard</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Antonelli, Massimo" sort="Antonelli, Massimo" uniqKey="Antonelli M" first="Massimo" last="Antonelli">Massimo Antonelli</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Critical care (London, England)</title><idno type="eISSN">1466-609X</idno><imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Aged (MeSH)</term><term>Betacoronavirus (MeSH)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (physiopathology)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (therapy)</term><term>Female (MeSH)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Intensive Care Units (MeSH)</term><term>Italy (MeSH)</term><term>Male (MeSH)</term><term>Middle Aged (MeSH)</term><term>Pandemics (MeSH)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (physiopathology)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (therapy)</term><term>Positive-Pressure Respiration (MeSH)</term><term>Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult (physiopathology)</term><term>Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult (therapy)</term><term>Respiratory Function Tests (MeSH)</term><term>Respiratory Mechanics (physiology)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adulte d'âge moyen (MeSH)</term><term>Betacoronavirus (MeSH)</term><term>Femelle (MeSH)</term><term>Humains (MeSH)</term><term>Infections à coronavirus (physiopathologie)</term><term>Infections à coronavirus (thérapie)</term><term>Italie (MeSH)</term><term>Mâle (MeSH)</term><term>Mécanique respiratoire (physiologie)</term><term>Pandémies (MeSH)</term><term>Pneumopathie virale (physiopathologie)</term><term>Pneumopathie virale (thérapie)</term><term>Sujet âgé (MeSH)</term><term>Syndrome de détresse respiratoire de l'adulte (physiopathologie)</term><term>Syndrome de détresse respiratoire de l'adulte (thérapie)</term><term>Tests de la fonction respiratoire (MeSH)</term><term>Unités de soins intensifs (MeSH)</term><term>Ventilation à pression positive (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" xml:lang="en"><term>Italy</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Mécanique respiratoire</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Respiratory Mechanics</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiopathologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Infections à coronavirus</term><term>Pneumopathie virale</term><term>Syndrome de détresse respiratoire de l'adulte</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiopathology" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term><term>Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term><term>Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="thérapie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Infections à coronavirus</term><term>Pneumopathie virale</term><term>Syndrome de détresse respiratoire de l'adulte</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Aged</term><term>Betacoronavirus</term><term>Female</term><term>Humans</term><term>Intensive Care Units</term><term>Male</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Pandemics</term><term>Positive-Pressure Respiration</term><term>Respiratory Function Tests</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adulte d'âge moyen</term><term>Betacoronavirus</term><term>Femelle</term><term>Humains</term><term>Italie</term><term>Mâle</term><term>Pandémies</term><term>Sujet âgé</term><term>Tests de la fonction respiratoire</term><term>Unités de soins intensifs</term><term>Ventilation à pression positive</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Wicri" type="geographic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Italie</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>BACKGROUND</b></p><p>Whether respiratory physiology of COVID-19-induced respiratory failure is different from acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) of other etiologies is unclear. We conducted a single-center study to describe respiratory mechanics and response to positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) in COVID-19 ARDS and to compare COVID-19 patients to matched-control subjects with ARDS from other causes.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>METHODS</b></p><p>Thirty consecutive COVID-19 patients admitted to an intensive care unit in Rome, Italy, and fulfilling moderate-to-severe ARDS criteria were enrolled within 24 h from endotracheal intubation. Gas exchange, respiratory mechanics, and ventilatory ratio were measured at PEEP of 15 and 5 cmH</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>RESULTS</b></p><p>Thirty COVID-19 patients were successfully matched with 30 ARDS from other etiologies. At low PEEP, median [25th-75th percentiles] PaO</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b></p><p>Early after establishment of mechanical ventilation, COVID-19 patients follow ARDS physiology, with compliance reduction related to the degree of hypoxemia, and inter-individually variable respiratory mechanics and recruitability. Physiological differences between ARDS from COVID-19 and other causes appear small.</p></div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">32859264</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2020</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>03</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>03</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1466-609X</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>24</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><PubDate><Year>2020</Year><Month>08</Month><Day>28</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Critical care (London, England)</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Crit Care</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Respiratory physiology of COVID-19-induced respiratory failure compared to ARDS of other etiologies.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>529</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1186/s13054-020-03253-2</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="BACKGROUND">Whether respiratory physiology of COVID-19-induced respiratory failure is different from acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) of other etiologies is unclear. We conducted a single-center study to describe respiratory mechanics and response to positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) in COVID-19 ARDS and to compare COVID-19 patients to matched-control subjects with ARDS from other causes.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="METHODS">Thirty consecutive COVID-19 patients admitted to an intensive care unit in Rome, Italy, and fulfilling moderate-to-severe ARDS criteria were enrolled within 24 h from endotracheal intubation. Gas exchange, respiratory mechanics, and ventilatory ratio were measured at PEEP of 15 and 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O. A single-breath derecruitment maneuver was performed to assess recruitability. After 1:1 matching based on PaO<sub>2</sub>/FiO<sub>2</sub>, FiO<sub>2</sub>, PEEP, and tidal volume, COVID-19 patients were compared to subjects affected by ARDS of other etiologies who underwent the same procedures in a previous study.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="RESULTS">Thirty COVID-19 patients were successfully matched with 30 ARDS from other etiologies. At low PEEP, median [25th-75th percentiles] PaO<sub>2</sub>/FiO<sub>2</sub> in the two groups was 119 mmHg [101-142] and 116 mmHg [87-154]. Average compliance (41 ml/cmH<sub>2</sub>O [32-52] vs. 36 ml/cmH<sub>2</sub>O [27-42], p = 0.045) and ventilatory ratio (2.1 [1.7-2.3] vs. 1.6 [1.4-2.1], p = 0.032) were slightly higher in COVID-19 patients. Inter-individual variability (ratio of standard deviation to mean) of compliance was 36% in COVID-19 patients and 31% in other ARDS. In COVID-19 patients, PaO<sub>2</sub>/FiO<sub>2</sub> was linearly correlated with respiratory system compliance (r = 0.52 p = 0.003). High PEEP improved PaO<sub>2</sub>/FiO<sub>2</sub> in both cohorts, but more remarkably in COVID-19 patients (p = 0.005). Recruitability was not different between cohorts (p = 0.39) and was highly inter-individually variable (72% in COVID-19 patients and 64% in ARDS from other causes). In COVID-19 patients, recruitability was independent from oxygenation and respiratory mechanics changes due to PEEP.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="CONCLUSIONS">Early after establishment of mechanical ventilation, COVID-19 patients follow ARDS physiology, with compliance reduction related to the degree of hypoxemia, and inter-individually variable respiratory mechanics and recruitability. Physiological differences between ARDS from COVID-19 and other causes appear small.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Grieco</LastName><ForeName>Domenico Luca</ForeName><Initials>DL</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-4557-6308</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy. dlgrieco@outlook.it.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy. dlgrieco@outlook.it.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bongiovanni</LastName><ForeName>Filippo</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chen</LastName><ForeName>Lu</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Menga</LastName><ForeName>Luca S</ForeName><Initials>LS</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cutuli</LastName><ForeName>Salvatore Lucio</ForeName><Initials>SL</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pintaudi</LastName><ForeName>Gabriele</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Carelli</LastName><ForeName>Simone</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Michi</LastName><ForeName>Teresa</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Torrini</LastName><ForeName>Flava</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lombardi</LastName><ForeName>Gianmarco</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Anzellotti</LastName><ForeName>Gian Marco</ForeName><Initials>GM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>De Pascale</LastName><ForeName>Gennaro</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Urbani</LastName><ForeName>Andrea</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Basic Biotechnological Science, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Laboratory and Infectious Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bocci</LastName><ForeName>Maria Grazia</ForeName><Initials>MG</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tanzarella</LastName><ForeName>Eloisa S</ForeName><Initials>ES</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bello</LastName><ForeName>Giuseppe</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dell'Anna</LastName><ForeName>Antonio M</ForeName><Initials>AM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Maggiore</LastName><ForeName>Salvatore M</ForeName><Initials>SM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Section of Anesthesia, Analgesia, Perioperative and Intensive Care, SS. Annunziata Hospital, Gabriele d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Brochard</LastName><ForeName>Laurent</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Antonelli</LastName><ForeName>Massimo</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D003160">Comparative Study</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>08</Month><Day>28</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>Crit Care</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>9801902</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1364-8535</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><SupplMeshList><SupplMeshName Type="Disease" UI="C000657245">COVID-19</SupplMeshName><SupplMeshName Type="Organism" UI="C000656484">severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</SupplMeshName></SupplMeshList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000368" MajorTopicYN="N">Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000073640" MajorTopicYN="N">Betacoronavirus</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018352" MajorTopicYN="N">Coronavirus Infections</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000503" MajorTopicYN="Y">physiopathology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000628" MajorTopicYN="N">therapy</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005260" MajorTopicYN="N">Female</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007362" MajorTopicYN="N">Intensive Care Units</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007558" MajorTopicYN="N" Type="Geographic">Italy</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008297" MajorTopicYN="N">Male</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008875" MajorTopicYN="N">Middle Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D058873" MajorTopicYN="N">Pandemics</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011024" MajorTopicYN="N">Pneumonia, Viral</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000503" MajorTopicYN="Y">physiopathology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000628" MajorTopicYN="N">therapy</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011175" MajorTopicYN="N">Positive-Pressure Respiration</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012128" MajorTopicYN="N">Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000503" MajorTopicYN="Y">physiopathology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000628" MajorTopicYN="N">therapy</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012129" MajorTopicYN="N">Respiratory Function Tests</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015656" MajorTopicYN="N">Respiratory Mechanics</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">ARDS</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">Alveolar recruitment</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">COVID-19</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">PEEP</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">Respiratory mechanics</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2020</Year><Month>06</Month><Day>12</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2020</Year><Month>08</Month><Day>17</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2020</Year><Month>8</Month><Day>30</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate 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